The quest to find life on other planets has been boosted massively by the development of a revolutionary new technique to identify liquid water, a team of scientists has announced. The process involves measuring the amount of carbon dioxide in a planet’s atmosphere and comparing it with that taken from neighbouring worlds.
If a planet has a reduced amount of CO2 in its atmosphere compared with its neighbours, it suggests there is liquid water on its surface. In accordance with the theory, CO2 in the planet’s atmosphere is dissolved into an ocean – just like Earth – or absorbed by a planetary-scale biomass, the team said.
Up until now, there has been no practical method for detecting the presence of liquid water, the research suggests. The closest scientists have come to identifying liquid on a planet’s surface up to now is to use its glint – how starlight reflects off water – which can be too weak for current observatories to detect.
However, researchers said they have devised what they call a new “habitability signature” which can determine whether a planet is capable of hosting and retaining liquid water on its surface. Amaury Triaud, professor of exoplanetology at the University of Birmingham, said: “It is fairly easy to measure the amount of carbon dioxide in a planet’s atmosphere.
“This is because CO2 is a strong absorber in the infrared, the same property causing the current rise in global temperatures here on Earth. By comparing the amount of CO2 in different planets’ atmospheres, we can use this new habitability signature to identify those planets with oceans, which make them more likely to be able to support life.”
The team said its habitability signature can also determine markers of life on another planet.
Dr Julien de Wit, assistant professor of planetary sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said: “Life on Earth accounts for 20 percent of the total amount of captured CO2, with the rest mainly being absorbed by the oceans.
“On another planet, this number could be much larger. One of the tell-tale signs of carbon consumption by biology, is the emission of oxygen.
“Oxygen can transform into ozone, and it turns out ozone has a detectable signature right next to CO2. So, observing both carbon dioxide and ozone at once can inform us about habitability, but also about the presence of life on that planet.”
As well as developing a new way to identify habitable planets, the scientists said their research can be used to reveal more insights into environmental tipping points. Prof Triaud added: “By examining the levels of CO2 in other planets’ atmospheres we can empirically measure habitability and compare it to our theoretical expectations.
“This helps gather context for the climate crisis we face on Earth to find out at which point the levels of carbon make a planet uninhabitable.
For example, Venus and Earth look incredibly similar, but there is a very high level of carbon in Venus’s atmosphere.
“There may have been a past climatic tipping point that led to Venus becoming uninhabitable.”
The research is published in the journal Nature Astronomy.
